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谢邀~
先说结论,辅酶不是酶。
酶(Enzyme)是一类具有催化功能的“生物催化剂”,绝大部分是蛋白质,小部分为RNA(核酶,Ribozyme)。下面主要讨论蛋白质类酶。
从化学组成来看酶可以分为单纯蛋白质(simple protein)和缀合蛋白质(conjugated protein)两类。
单纯蛋白质酶:除了蛋白质组分外,不含其他物质,如脲酶、蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、核糖核酸酶等。
缀合蛋白质酶:除了蛋白质外,还要结合一些对热稳定的非蛋白质小分子物质或金属离子,其中蛋白质组分称为脱辅酶(apoenzyme or apoprotein),非蛋白质组分称为辅助因子(cofactor),脱辅酶和辅助因子结合后形成的复合物称为全酶(holoenzyme),即全酶=脱辅酶+辅助因子。
在缀合酶行使催化功能时,一定要有脱辅酶和辅助因子同时存在才能起作用,二者各自单独存在时,均无催化作用。
酶的辅助因子包括金属离子和有机化合物,根据它们与脱辅酶结合的松紧程度不同可分为两类,即辅酶(coenzyme)和辅基(prosthetic group)。
辅酶是指与脱辅酶结合比较松弛的小分子有机物质,可通过透析方法去除,如辅酶I和辅酶II等。
辅基是以共价键与脱辅酶紧密结合,不能通过透析去除,如细胞色素氧化酶中的铁卟啉,丙酮酸氧化酶中的FAD,都属于辅基。
每一种需要辅助因子的脱辅酶往往只能与一种特定的辅助因子结合,即酶对辅助因子具有一定的选择性。但生物体内辅助因子的数目有限,而酶的种类繁多,故同一种辅助因子往往可以与多种不同的脱辅酶结合而表现出多种不同的催化作用。这说明脱辅酶部分决定酶催化的专一性,而辅助因子在酶催化过程中通常是起着电子、原子以及某些化学基团的传递作用。
这里引用一段国外最权威的生化教材 Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th-Ed 中对酶化学性质的定义:
Enzymes, like other proteins, have molecular weights ranging from about 12,000 to more than 1 million. Some enzymes require no chemical groups for activity other than their amino acid residues. Others require an additional chemical component called a cofactor-either one or more inorganic ions, such as Fe2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, or Zn2+, or a complex organic or metalloorganic molecule called a coenzyme. Coenzymes act as transient carriers of specific functional groups. Most are derived from vitamins, organic nutrients required in small amounts in the diet. We consider coenzymes in more detail as we encounter them in the metabolic pathways discussed in Part II. Some enzymes require both a coenzyme and one or more metal ions for activity. A coenzyme or metal ion that is very tightly or even covalently bound to the enzyme protein is called a prosthetic group. A complete, catalytically active enzyme together with its bound coenzyme and/or metal ions is called a holoenzyme. The protein part of such an enzyme is called the apoenzyme or apoprotein. Finally, some enzyme proteins are modified covalently by phosphorylation, glycosylation, and other processes. Many of these alterations are involved in the regulation of enzyme activity.
所以回到问题,辅酶不是酶,辅酶是缀合酶的一种组成成分。
参考资料:
王镜岩《生物化学》第三版
杨荣武《生物化学原理》第二版
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th-Ed |
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