To calculate this quantum effect requires you calculate every possible path along with the probability of the photon being on that path. It is quite complex, but the math works out[4].
记 若频率足够高使得 取一阶近似,有
其中
若, 则电磁波在空间中指数衰减,不能传播,若, 电磁波振荡传播,此时金属在电磁波下是透明的。可以推算出其频率。事实上,碱金属在紫外线下是透明的。这个频率是
Hz.
等离子频率的物理解释见 Negative permittivity of metals。
At high frequencies metals act like a plasma. The conduction electrons are free to flow around while the relatively massive ions remain more or less stationary. When we solve this in a plasma problem with incident electromagnetic waves, what happens is that we get a resonance frequency. Below the resonance frequency, the waves oscillate slow enough for the electrons to follow. Thus, the metal behaves as a good conductor because the currents that can be excited can properly cancel out the incident waves. However, above the resonant frequency, the inertia of the electrons prevents the electrons from oscillating in proper phase with the incident wave. Thus, the currents cannot be excited properly to eliminate the incident wave and now the wave can pass through the metal like it was a vacuum (but this is a dispersive and lossy vacuum).